Electrical equipment test requirements before energisation
The same measurement has different limits at different stages. What is tested before energisation, what comes later and who is allowed to do it.
Earthing under the Ukrainian electrical code (PUE): limits, measurements, intervals
PUE says what the values must be; PTEES says how often to confirm them. Both sides explained, with clause references and interval tables.
PTEES: key operating requirements for electrical installations
The code installations are operated by. The responsible person, documentation, knowledge checks and testing — with clause references you can verify.
PUE:2026 — what it is, what changed and how to use it
The code electrical installations are designed and built to — not operated by. What changed in the 2026 edition, who it affects and why existing installations need no rework.
Cable laying under the PUE code: methods, cross-sections, testing
What determines the laying method and cross-section, what is tested before energisation and how often the line is tested afterwards.
Climatic ratings U1 and UHL: what these letters mean
Letters from the nameplate everyone has seen and few explain. What they mean, why the standard is defunct while the designations remain, and how to choose a rating.
Requirements for transformer substations (KTP) under the code
Two outwardly identical substations can differ inside. What the code prescribes, what is invisible at acceptance and how it surfaces a year or three later.
Net billing for business: how Ukraine's self-production mechanism works in 2026
Selling the surplus under an annex to the supply contract, hourly netting of value, capacity thresholds and export limits — with references to the acts in force.