How to Fill Out the Questionnaire for a KTP or KSO: A Step-by-Step Guide
A step-by-step guide to the questionnaire for a KTP or KSO: network parameters, cubicle composition, switching devices and protection, metering, design execution, and common mistakes.
Switchboard equipment: types and classification
An overview guide to switchboard equipment 0.4–35 kV: how KSO differs from KRU, when a KTP is needed and when ShchO-90 is enough, and how to choose a product by voltage, current and purpose.
The KSO cubicle: design and how it differs from KRU
What a single front-access switchgear cubicle is, what it consists of and when a KRU with a withdrawable circuit breaker is needed instead of a KSO. An engineering breakdown from the manufacturer
KRPZ 6–35 kV: a turnkey modular switchgear building
What a KRPZ is — a 6–35 kV distribution point in a ready-made modular building: how it differs from KRUN, the design, KSO cubicles, ShchO-90 panels and AVR. Where it is used — from solar plants to substations. Explained by the manufacturer
KRUN: outdoor package switchgear
What KRUN is and how it differs from KRU: climatic version U1, an insulated enclosure with heating, vacuum circuit breakers and relay protection. Where it is used — from solar plants to substations. Explained by the manufacturer
KTP, KTPN, KTPM: which transformer substation to choose
How an indoor KTP differs from an outdoor KTPN, a pole-mounted KTPM and a concrete BKTP: design, capacity, type of incomer — and the three questions that determine the choice of a 10(6)/0.4 kV substation.
OPU: the substation control building — what it is and what it contains
What an OPU at a substation is: the building where all the secondary circuits come together — relay protection panels, auxiliary supply boards, 220 V operating current, ASKOE and telemechanics. The equipment, the block-modular version and where OPUs are used.
ShchO-90 panels: specifications and applications
ShchO-90 panels are the basic design of 0.4 kV distribution switchboards: what they are, which panel types are available for currents up to 4000 A, what the design consists of and where they are used — in the RUNN of substations, in building VRP units and in main switchboards.
AVR panel (ShAVR): how it works and when it is needed
How automatic transfer to a backup supply works: two incomers, voltage monitoring, time delay and mutual interlocking. When AVR is mandatory under the PUE and what types of AVR cabinets exist — from grid-to-grid schemes to schemes with a diesel generator.
STP or pole-mounted KTP: the difference and when to use each
A single-pole STP and a pole-mounted KTPM are both fed from the same 10(6) kV overhead line and even look alike. The difference lies in the number of poles and the rating: up to ~100 kVA on one pole versus 400 kVA on two. We break down the structure, the scope of supply and the selection criteria.
Technical specification for switchboard equipment: a customer checklist
What to state in the technical specification for a switchboard, cubicles or a substation: voltage and currents, short-circuit current, main circuit diagram, protection and metering, IP rating, cable entry and dimensions. A practical checklist from the manufacturer — so you get an accurate price and lead time from your first enquiry.
UKM: reactive power compensation — when you need it and how to choose
Why reactive power has to be compensated: cos φ, charges for reactive energy flows, unloading cables and transformers. When a plant needs a UKM, how an automatic unit differs from a fixed one, and when filter reactors are mandatory.
Requirements for transformer substations (KTP) under the code
Two outwardly identical substations can differ inside. What the code prescribes, what is invisible at acceptance and how it surfaces a year or three later.
AVR and the generator: what a genset needs for an automatic start
An AVR panel needs three things from a genset: auto-start controller, dry contacts, starter battery. Why a household generator cannot be automated.